The story of the Tri-Pacer begins with its predecessor, the PA-20 Pacer. Introduced as a four-place aircraft, the Pacer featured conventional tailwheel landing gear, a steel-tube fuselage, and fabric-covered aluminum wings—a construction method that was a hallmark of Piper's early designs. While the Pacer was a capable aircraft, its tailwheel configuration presented some challenges for less experienced pilots, particularly during ground handling.

Recognizing the evolving needs of the market and the growing preference for easier-to-manage aircraft, Piper introduced a pivotal innovation in 1951: the PA-22 Tri-Pacer. The most significant change was the adoption of tricycle landing gear, replacing the tailwheel with a nosewheel. This seemingly simple modification revolutionized the aircraft's ground manners, making it considerably easier to take off, land, and taxi, thereby opening up the world of private flying to a broader audience. The Tri-Pacer quickly outsold its tailwheel counterpart, cementing the tricycle gear as the preferred configuration for many.

Throughout its production run, the Tri-Pacer saw several iterations, offering a range of engine options to suit different performance needs. Early models were equipped with 125 hp engines, which were soon upgraded to 135 hp. Later, more powerful variants with 150 hp and even 160 hp engines became available, further enhancing the aircraft's capabilities. In addition to these, a two-seat trainer version, the PA-22-108 Colt, was introduced, designed to be a more economical entry point into aviation, competing with other popular trainers of the era.

Under the Fabric: A Look at the Tri-Pacer's Design and Construction

The Piper Tri-Pacer's construction is a testament to the robust and practical engineering of its time. Like many Piper aircraft of its generation, it features a welded steel-tube fuselage, providing a strong and durable airframe. This structure is then covered with fabric, a traditional method that offers a good strength-to-weight ratio and simplifies repairs. The high-wing design, a characteristic shared with its Pacer brethren, offers excellent visibility for sightseeing and ground observation, a significant advantage for recreational flying.

While fabric covering has its benefits, it also requires specific maintenance considerations. Unlike all-metal aircraft, fabric can be susceptible to environmental factors and wear over time, necessitating periodic inspection and re-covering. However, modern fabric materials and application techniques have significantly extended the lifespan and durability of these coverings, making maintenance more manageable for today's owners. The steel-tube fuselage, while robust, can be prone to corrosion if not properly cared for, particularly in areas exposed to moisture or chemicals. Regular inspections and protective treatments are crucial to ensure the longevity of the airframe.

Inside the cabin, the Tri-Pacer offers a surprisingly spacious environment for a four-seat aircraft of its vintage. While it might not boast the luxurious appointments of modern planes, its utilitarian design prioritizes functionality and comfort for its occupants. The dual doors—one for the front seats and another for the rear—facilitate entry and exit, though some pilots note that the relatively tall landing gear can make climbing in a bit of a stretch. Once inside, passengers find a comfortable, if cozy, space, perfect for local flights or cross-country adventures.

Taking Flight: Performance and Handling

Despite its humble appearance and the playful "Flying Milk Stool" nickname, the Piper Tri-Pacer is a surprisingly capable performer. Its flight characteristics are generally docile and forgiving, making it a popular choice for pilots transitioning from lighter trainers or those seeking a stable and predictable platform for recreational flying.

Performance figures vary depending on the engine variant, but a typical 150 hp Tri-Pacer can achieve a cruise speed in the range of 100-110 knots (115-127 mph), with a maximum speed approaching 120 knots (138 mph). Its range, with standard fuel tanks, allows for comfortable cross-country flights, often exceeding 400 nautical miles with reserves. The climb rate is respectable, enabling the aircraft to reach cruising altitudes efficiently, and its service ceiling is sufficient for most general aviation operations.

One of the Tri-Pacer's notable strengths is its short-field performance. Thanks to its effective flaps and relatively low wing loading, it can operate comfortably from shorter runways, opening up access to a wider range of airfields. Its stable flight characteristics make it well-suited for handling turbulence, and its tricycle landing gear simplifies crosswind landings, a significant advantage over its tailwheel counterparts.

A unique feature of the Tri-Pacer's control system is the interconnected ailerons and rudder. This design, intended to simplify coordinated turns for novice pilots, means that applying rudder input also induces a slight aileron deflection. While some traditionalists might find this unusual, it contributes to the aircraft's stable and predictable handling, making it a joy to fly for many. The "Flying Milk Stool" nickname, often attributed to its somewhat stubby appearance and the geometry of its nosewheel, is truly a misnomer when it comes to its flight performance. In the air, the Tri-Pacer is a solid, dependable, and enjoyable aircraft.

The Ownership Experience: Cost, Maintenance, and Modifications

For many aspiring aircraft owners, the Piper PA-22 Tri-Pacer represents an attractive entry point into aviation. Its relatively low acquisition cost, often significantly less than comparable modern aircraft, makes it an accessible option. However, it's crucial for potential owners to consider the broader financial picture, including ongoing maintenance, insurance, and fuel costs.

Maintenance for a fabric-covered, steel-tube aircraft like the Tri-Pacer can be different from that of an all-metal plane. While routine inspections and oil changes are standard, owners should be prepared for potential fabric repairs or re-covering projects, which can be a significant expense if not planned for. Corrosion of the steel tubing, particularly in older aircraft, also requires diligent inspection and mitigation. However, the simplicity of its systems and the widespread availability of parts often translate to lower overall maintenance costs compared to more complex aircraft.

Insurance costs for a Tri-Pacer are generally reasonable, reflecting its docile handling characteristics and good safety record. Fuel consumption, while dependent on engine type and power settings, is typically economical, making cross-country flights more affordable. Many owners find that the Tri-Pacer offers an excellent balance of performance and operating efficiency.

The Tri-Pacer community is vibrant and supportive, with numerous resources available for owners, including online forums, type clubs, and specialized maintenance shops. This strong community network is invaluable for troubleshooting, sharing knowledge, and sourcing parts.

Popular Modifications and STCs

One of the most appealing aspects of Tri-Pacer ownership is the wide array of modifications and Supplemental Type Certificates (STCs) available. These allow owners to customize their aircraft to suit specific needs and preferences. Popular modifications include:

Tailwheel Conversions: Many Tri-Pacers have been converted back to a tailwheel configuration, essentially transforming them into a PA-22/20 Pacer. This modification appeals to pilots who prefer the classic tailwheel experience and can enhance short-field performance.

Engine Upgrades: While the original engines are reliable, some owners opt for higher horsepower engine upgrades, such as the Lycoming O-360, to boost performance, useful load, and climb rate.

Avionics Upgrades: Modern avionics installations, including GPS, updated radios, and autopilots, can significantly enhance the safety and utility of older Tri-Pacers.

STOL Kits: Short Takeoff and Landing (STOL) kits can further improve the aircraft's ability to operate from very short or unimproved strips.

Auxiliary Fuel Tanks: For pilots desiring extended range, auxiliary fuel tanks can be installed.

These modifications allow owners to tailor their Tri-Pacer to their specific flying style, whether it's backcountry adventures, cross-country travel, or local recreational flights.

The Tri-Pacer vs. The Competition: A Head-to-Head Comparison

When considering a four-seat, single-engine aircraft from the mid-20th century, the Piper PA-22 Tri-Pacer often finds itself in direct comparison with the ubiquitous Cessna 172. Both aircraft have served as workhorses of general aviation, but they offer distinct experiences.

Performance

In terms of raw performance, the Tri-Pacer and Cessna 172 are often quite comparable, especially when considering similar horsepower variants. Both offer similar cruise speeds and ranges. However, the Tri-Pacer, particularly with higher horsepower engines, can sometimes boast slightly better short-field performance due to its design and effective flap system. The Cessna 172, with its larger wing area, often provides a more stable ride in turbulent conditions.

Cost

This is where the Tri-Pacer often shines. Historically, Tri-Pacers have been significantly more affordable to acquire than comparable Cessna 172s. This price difference extends to operating costs as well, with the Tri-Pacer often having lower fuel consumption and maintenance expenses, especially if the fabric is in good condition. The robust, simpler construction of the Tri-Pacer can lead to fewer complex maintenance issues.

Handling

The handling characteristics are perhaps the most significant differentiator. The Cessna 172 is renowned for its docile, almost hands-off stability, making it an ideal trainer and a very forgiving aircraft for new pilots. Its conventional control system is straightforward. The Tri-Pacer, with its interconnected ailerons and rudder, offers a different feel. While designed to simplify coordinated flight, it can feel less conventional to pilots accustomed to independent controls. However, many Tri-Pacer pilots praise its responsive controls and engaging flying experience, often describing it as more "sporty" than the 172.

Comfort and Ergonomics

The Cessna 172 generally offers a more spacious and modern cabin feel, with better visibility due to its larger windows. The Tri-Pacer, while surprisingly roomy for its size, can feel a bit more cramped, especially for larger occupants. Entry and exit can also be more challenging in the Tri-Pacer due to its higher stance and smaller doors. However, the Tri-Pacer's high-wing design provides excellent shade and a clear view of the ground below, which is often preferred for sightseeing.

Verdict

For pilots seeking a highly affordable, robust, and engaging aircraft with good short-field capabilities, the Piper Tri-Pacer is an excellent choice. It offers a unique flying experience and a strong community. For those prioritizing maximum cabin comfort, modern amenities, and the most forgiving handling characteristics, the Cessna 172 might be a more suitable option. Ultimately, the choice depends on individual preferences, budget, and intended use.

The Enduring Appeal of the Tri-Pacer